Could Human Papillomaviruses Be Spread through Blood?

J Clin Microbiol. 2005 November; 43(11): 5428–5434
doi: 10.1128/JCM.43.11.5428-5434.2005

Sohrab Bodaghi,1 Lauren V. Wood,1 Gregg Roby,1 Celia Ryder,1 Seth M. Steinberg,2 and Zhi-Ming Zheng1*

HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch,1 Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland2

*Corresponding author. Mailing address: HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI/NIH, 10 Center Dr., Rm. 10 S255, MSC-1868, Bethesda, MD 20892-1868. Phone: (301) 594-1382. Fax: (301) 480-8250. E-mail: zhengt@exchange.nih.gov.

Abstract:

The human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are epitheliotropic viruses that require the environment of a differentiating squamous epithelium for their life cycle. HPV infection through abrasion of the skin or sexual intercourse causes benign warts and sometimes cancer. HPV DNA detected in the blood has been interpreted as having originated from metastasized cancer cells. The present study examined HPV DNA in banked, frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 57 U.S. human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected pediatric patients collected between 1987 and 1996 and in fresh PBMCs from 19 healthy blood donors collected in 2002 to 2003. Eight patients and three blood donors were positive mostly for two subgroups of the HPV type 16 genome. The HPV genome detected in all 11 PBMC samples existed as an episomal form, albeit at a low DNA copy number. Among the eight patients, seven acquired HIV from transfusion (three associated with hemophilia) and one acquired HIV through vertical transmission; this patient also had received a transfusion before sampling. Our data suggest that PBMCs may be HPV carriers and might spread the virus through blood.

Access the entire article here.

Dangers of HPV Vaccine Production in Plants, Microbes, and Viruses

Prof. Joe Cummins and Dr. Mae-Wan Ho

ISIS Report 07/01/09

Widespread releases of hazardous transgenes and vaccines have the potential to create viruses more deadly than the ones the vaccines protect against.

Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines are already commercialised and promoted worldwide in a bid to protect young girls and women from cervical cancer [1, 2] (Recombinant Cervical Cancer VaccinesSiS 29; The HPV Vaccine ControversySiS 41), while there is still major uncertainty over their efficacy and safety, especially in the long term. One obstacle to the adoption of the vaccines by developing countries is that the two available are very costly. There appears to have been a rush to create cheap oral HPV vaccines in transgenic plants, microbes and viruses that do not require refrigeration and can be distributed relatively inexpensively, but would involve widespread releases of hazardous transgenes and products into the open environment. Some of these are near commercialization, and regulators must be warned against the approval of such production methods unless and until strict containment and safeguards are put in place.

HPV Vaccines in Crop Plants

The main concern over the vaccines produced in crop plants is that transgenes from tests sites or production farms can readily spread by pollen or by mechanical dispersal of seeds.  Debris from transgenic crops can also spread transgenes and vaccine proteins through contaminating surface and groundwater. Debris in the form of dust in the air can impact on the respiratory mucosa directly, with the potential of triggering acute and delayed immune reactions in humans and animals exposed. HPV vaccines have already been associated with various adverse acute immune reactions some of which resulted in death [2]. People subject to persistent exposure to the crop vaccine are likely to develop oral tolerance rendering them susceptible to virus infection [3] (Pharm Crops for Vaccines and Therapeutic AntibodiesSiS 24)..

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The pathogenesis of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in the development of cervical cancer: are HPV vaccines a safe and effective management strategy?

By Judy Wilyman, MSc

Abstract
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been linked with cervical cancer. Some medical professionals see it as the determining causal agent and therefore promote vaccination as an effective prevention strategy. However, the biological plausibility of a causal theory requires that the incidence of the causal agent varies with the incidence and mortality of the disease. Yet the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer do not vary with the incidence of infection with HPV strains 16 and 18; the strains covered by the HPV vaccine. Though HPV infection is a necessary precursor to most cervical cancer, most high-risk HPV infections (with one of 15 or more high–risk strains) do not progress to cervical cancer and HPV infection with any strain is not sufficient on its own to induce cervical cancer. This evidence supports the conclusion that environmental and lifestyle factors are a determining cause in conjunction with HPV in the progression to cervical cancer.

Clinical trials for the HPV vaccine did not attempt to observe the vaccine preventing any cervical cancer. Instead the trials looked for pre-cancerous lesions in women 16 – 26 years of age. This was an inadequate surrogate for cervical cancer because studies show that most lesions in this demographic clear quickly without requiring treatment. Preventing infection from HPV strains 16 and 18 also assumes these women will not get cervical cancer from infection with one of the many other high risk strains that are prevalent. Therefore the decision to use an HPV vaccine to prevent cervical cancer was based upon circumstantial evidence: assumptions. HPV vaccines have been promoted to women on selective information. This vaccine is an HPV vaccine not a cervical cancer vaccine. There is inconclusive evidence it will reduce any cervical cancer and the long –term risks of using this vaccine have not been determined.

Read the entire paper here.

Do aluminum vaccine adjuvants contribute to the rising prevalence of autism?

Lucija Tomljenovic a,⁎, Christopher A. Shaw a,b

a Neural Dynamics Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, 828 W. 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L8
b Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Experimental Medicine and the Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,
828 W. 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L8

Abstract:

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are serious multisystem developmental disorders and an urgent global public health concern. Dysfunctional immunity and impaired brain function are core deficits in ASD. Aluminum (Al), the most commonly used vaccine adjuvant, is a demonstrated neurotoxin and a strong immune stimulator.

Hence, adjuvant Al has the potential to induce neuroimmune disorders.When assessing adjuvant toxicity in children, two key points ought to be considered: (i) children should not be viewed as “small adults” as their unique physiology makes them muchmore vulnerable to toxic insults; and (ii) if exposure to Al fromonly few vaccines can lead to cognitive impairment and autoimmunity in adults, is it unreasonable to question whether the current pediatric schedules, often containing 18 Al adjuvanted vaccines, are safe for children? By applying Hill’s criteria for establishing causality between exposure and outcomewe investigated whether exposure to Al from vaccines could be contributing to the rise in ASD prevalence in theWesternworld. Our results show that: (i) children from countries with the highest ASD prevalence appear to have the highest exposure to Al from vaccines; (ii) the increase in exposure to Al adjuvants significantly correlates with the increase in ASD prevalence in the United States observed over the last two decades (Pearson r=0.92, pb0.0001); and (iii) a significant correlation exists between the amounts of Al administered to preschool children and the current prevalence of ASD in seven Western countries, particularly at 3–4 months of age (Pearson r=0.89–0.94, p=0.0018–0.0248). The application of the Hill’s criteria to these data indicates that the correlation between Al in vaccines and ASD may be causal. Because children represent a fraction of the population most at risk for complications following exposure to Al, a more rigorous evaluation of Al adjuvant safety seems warranted.

Access entire article via this link.

Adolescents’ awareness of HPV infections and attitudes towards HPV vaccination 3 years following the introduction of the HPV vaccine in Hungary.

Pub Med

Vaccine. 2011 Sep 19. [Epub ahead of print]

Source

Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Pecs, Pecs H-7624, Hungary; Chair of Clinical Infectology and Migration Health, Medical Faculty, University of Pecs, Pecs H-7624, Hungary.

Abstract

Hungary takes the fourth place regarding the incidence and the fifth regarding the mortality of cervical cancer among the member countries of the European Union, with 500 deaths due to this preventable illness and nearly 1200 new cases diagnosed every year. Although the vaccines have been available for 3 years, the estimated rate of the female population vaccinated against HPV is approximately 10% in the 12-26-year-age cohort. The aim of this study was to determine factors and motivations affecting the uptake of HPV vaccination among Hungarian adolescents. Examining the effects of some possible sociodemographic predictors (age and gender) and the exposure to health information on HPV vaccine acceptability were also focused on, as well as assessing the most trusted sources of information about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). A nationwide anonymous questionnaire survey with a sample of 1769 students attending public primary or secondary schools was organised by the authors in 16 Hungarian cities and towns. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Adolescents’ awareness of HPV was relatively low. Only 35% of the participants reported they had heard about HPV prior to the survey. Almost 70% of the potentially affected study population had not heard about the vaccine previously. Every fourth student did not believe that vaccination against HPV can prevent cervical cancer. If the vaccination was available free of charge, almost 80% of respondents would request it, but in case they had to pay for it, this number would significantly decrease. Significantly better knowledge and also more positive attitudes towards HPV vaccination was found in relation to the number of information sources. The majority of respondents (62-83%) were open for further information about STDs. The main trusted mediators were school-health services (61.3%), education on health at school (49.2%), health professionals (42.2%) and electronic media (24.6%). Since Hungarian adolescent students expect guidance about STDs principally from school health education, an urgent need for well-designed, HPV-focused educational programmes emerges. Launching such programmes would be especially important for the adolescent population to increase their awareness of the risks associated with HPV infection thus reducing the high incidence of cervical cancer in Hungary in the future.

Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

PMID:
21939711
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Vaccines and Autoimmune Diseases of the Adult

Published February 4, 2010

Author: Hedi Orbach

Specialty: ImmunologyRheumatologyMicrobiologyInfectious Diseases
Institution: Department of Medicine B, Wolfson Medical Center
Address: Holon, Israel

Author: Nancy Agmon-Levin

Specialty: ImmunologyRheumatologyMicrobiologyInfectious Diseases
Institution: Center for Autoimmune Diseases & Department of Medicine B, Sheba Medical Center
Address: Ramat Gan, Israel

Author: Gisele Zandman-Goddard

Specialty: ImmunologyRheumatologyMicrobiologyInfectious Diseases
Institution: Department of Medicine C, Wolfson Medical Center
Address: Holon, Israel
Institution: Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University
Address: Tel-Aviv, Israel

Abstract: Infectious agents contribute to the environmental factors involved in the development of autoimmune diseases possibly through molecular mimicry mechanisms. Hence, it is feasible that vaccinations may also contribute to the mosaic of autoimmunity. Evidence for the association of vaccinations and the development of these diseases is presented in this review. Infrequently reported post-vaccination autoimmune diseases include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory myopathies, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and vasculitis. In addition, we will discuss macrophagic myofasciitis, aluminum containing vaccines, and the recent evidence for autoimmunity following human papilloma virus vaccine.

Access entire article here.

Evolution of a Gene Provides a Possible Explanation for the Development of Metastases and Mental Retardation

Science Daily

ScienceDaily (Sep. 14, 2011) — In the course of examining the Drosophila tumor suppressor gene (Dlg), scientists at the Helmholtz Zentrum München have succeeded in decoding a new mechanism that regulates cell polarity in epithelial tissues or in neurons in the brain. The findings, which are presented in the current issue of Developmental Cell, will help to enhance the understanding of how metastases and mental retardation occur and enable targeted, long-term therapeutic approaches to their treatment to be developed.

Mutations of the Dlg tumor suppressor gene trigger cancer and metastases in fruit flies, and mental retardation in mammals. A team of scientists headed by Professor Heiko Lickert from the Institute for Stem Cell Research at the Helmholtz Center Munich working in cooperation with colleagues from the Department for Protein Analysis and the Institute for Toxicology has now discovered why the Dlg gene family has gained other evolutionary functions. Fruit flies possess a copy of the Dlg gene, which plays a role in regulating cell proliferation* and basolateral epithelial polarity. Mammals possess four copies of the Dlg gene which have developed in different ways. As a result of these changes, Dlg3* has assumed a new function. It is responsible for the apical alignment of cells* and acts as a structural protein to stabilize tight junctions*. This new function is due to minor changes in the sequence of amino acids of the protein produced by the Dlg3 gene. These promote interaction with other proteins and, as a result, make it possible to determine and maintain the alignment of the apical side of the cell.

In the event of a mutation, this new function of the Dlg3 gene in mammals could alter the tissue structure of the Spemann/Mangold organizer*, which plays a pivotal role in neural induction and normal brain development. Previous studies have shown that mutations in the human Dlg3 gene go hand-in-hand with mental retardation. The scientists could therefore have discovered the cause of this disorder, which also plays a decisive role in humans and which they could use as a target for new therapies and active substances. Follow-up studies will help to explain the mechanism in greater detail because “the more we know about the mechanisms that lead to the loss of cell polarity and the formation of metastases, the better able we will be to develop new approaches to therapies and active substances,” Professor Lickert says.

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Bioethicists Not So Ethical When It Comes to Gardasil Injuries

Dr. Caplan et al., we are not willing to gamble with patient’s lives…..
However, you and some of your associates are apparently willing to do just that. 

 

 

By Leslie Carol Botha, Vice-President Public Relations
Janny Stokvis - Researcher and VAERS Analyst

September 18, 2011

Time to get this story straight: – University of Pennsylvania bioethicist, Dr. Art Caplan1.recently committed what SANE Vax views as an unprecedented HIPAA violation by offering a $10,000 reward for ‘proof of Bachmann vaccine claims.’

Forcing a family to disclose their child’s health records publicly, in front of a maniacal witch burning media network out to get Presidential Candidate Michelle Bachmann, is unethical, immoral, unprofessional and unwarranted. Obviously the news of Gardasil contamination and Bachmann’s reference to the vaccine as potentially dangerous has dug a knife deep into the heart of the Pharma industrial beast.

Now, the beast thinks it can raise its ugly head publicly demanding this family sacrifice a child’s privacy to save Bachmann’s political face.  Outrageous.

According to Forbes Magazine, ‘University of Pennsylvania bioethicist Art Caplan is so confident that Michele Bachmann’s claim that a young girl was made mentally retarded by injections of the Gardasil vaccine against human papilloma virus is false that he is offering to donate $10,000 to the charity of Bachmann’s choice if she can produce such a patient.

‘Caplan, who has made the offer via Twitter, to the Minneapolis Star Tribune, on the radio stations WTVN and WOR, also proposes that Bachmann should donate $10,000 to the charity of his choice if such a patient can be produced. He says her campaign hasn’t responded. He writes:

‘If she can produce a case in one week starting today verified by three medical experts that she and I pick of a woman who became ‘retarded’ (her words) due to HPV vaccine I will donate that to a charity of her choice.’ 2.

Charity of Bachmann’s choice?  Dr. Caplan, you should be writing a check to the victim’s family to cover the medical costs incurred by the contaminated vaccine.  In fact, the entire industry better get their checkbooks ready – because families are lining up ready to speak out and be counted.

In addition to Caplan, ‘another bioethicist, Steven Miles of the University of Minnesota, has offered $1,000 if a patient whose brain was damaged by an HPV vaccine can be produced. The bioethicists are making a pretty safe bet, because the odds of finding a reputable medical expert who will say a case of mental disability was caused by Gardasil is close to nil.’ 2.

Define ‘reputable’ – one who is paid to be beholden to Merck?   Sirs, you are doing the 23,388 adversely injured adolescents and the 102 families whose daughters and sons have died HPV post-vaccination a disgraceful disservice with your pompous attitudes.

SANE Vax Inc. believes that Caplan and Miles are violating HIPAA’s (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) Patient Privacy Act guaranteeing privacy rights under federal law by focusing the media’s biased pharmaceutical spotlight on innocent families forcing them into the media limelight to disclose their adolescent’s medical history to the public. 3.

All this mother in Florida did was take advantage of the opportunity to let Bachmann know there is a problem with Gardasil.  Where is the crime in that?  All Bachmann did was publicly report what the mother told her…why should she be raked over the coals…unless of course there is something to hide?

Why not focus on a girl whose mother has already spoken out on the issue to try and find the cause of her brain damage.  That is what ‘mental retardation’ is isn’t it?

Hobart Indiana mother Amy Pingel has been very vocal in her efforts to get media attention to the fact that Gardasil can cause serious side effects, including seizures, neurological problems and even paralysis.  She believes her daughter is proof.

Her daughter, Zeda was a normal, healthy 13-year-old who loved her family, her friends and her phone. She once was a popular cheerleader and A-B student, who texted and talked tirelessly. Now, she is silent. She is strapped to her wheelchair, her head leaning against a head rest, her eyes wandering, seemingly sightless. She can neither walk, eat, nor speak.4.

Research vs. Rebuttal

If indeed, these bioethicists were ethical, they would be doing the research instead of using their ‘authority’ to refute the claim.

Instead, SANE Vax Inc. has gathered research for them since their arrogance is standing in the way of bioethics.

According to VAERS – the following reports have been listed for HPV, HPV2 & HPV 4 and ‘mental disorders.’ This is an estimated 1 to 10% of the vaccine-injured population reporting.

VAERS Analysis HPV, HPV2, HPV4 –
U.S. & Foreign
HPV4
U.S. Only
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)

21

7

Encephalitis

53

27

Demyelination

60

28

Psychotic Disorder

14

5

Abnormal Behaviour

49

41

Cognitive Disorder

22

19

Mental Status Changes

41

38

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Brain Abnormal

132

95

Speech Disorder

90

67

Myelitis Transverse

30

21

Facial Palsy

138

105

 

Encephalitis is known to be an infection that involves inflammation of the brain that can cause mental retardation. 5.

According to Wikipedia – Encephalomyelitis is a general term for inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, describing a number of disorders including:

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis or postinfectious encephalomyelitis, a demyelinating disease of the brain and spinal cord, possibly triggered by vaccination or viral infection;  Encephalomyelitis disseminata, a synonym for multiple sclerosis;  and Myalgic encephalomyelitis, a syndrome involving inflammation of the central nervous system with symptoms of muscle pain and fatigue; the term has sometimes been used interchangeably with chronic fatigue syndrome 6.

The following peer-reviewed studies point out the links between Encephalitis and HPV Vaccines:

Demyelinating disease and polyvalent human papilloma virus vaccination
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry doi:10.1136/jnnp.2010.214924

Since its inception, the polyvalent vaccine against the human papilloma virus (HPV), Gardasil, has generated some controversies as a temporal relationship between the administrations of the vaccine and the development of a few autoimmune diseases, such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), multiple sclerosis (MS) and Guillain–Barre syndrome have been reported. We encountered two cases whose initial presentation of CNS demyelination followed in close time relationship the administration of Gardasil vaccine and we discuss their possible association.
http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/early/2010/10/08/jnnp.2010.214924.extract

Meningococcal and Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine Associate Recurrent Acute Disseminated Enchephalomyelitis
Juan Carlos Muniz, MD, Stanley Krolczyk, DO, RPH; Lise Casady, ARNP, University of South Florida
http://www.mscare.org/cmsc/images/pdf/2008cmscabstracts-posters53.pdf

A report of five cases of CNS demyelination after quadrivalent human papilloma virus vaccination: could there be any relationship?
26th Congress of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS) & 15th Annual Conference of Rehabilitation in MS (RIMS) 13.10.2010 – 16.10.2010
http://registration.akm.ch/einsicht.php?XNABSTRACT_ID=116417&XNSPRACHE_ID=2&XNKONGRESS_ID=126&XNMASKEN_ID=900

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with tumefactive lesions after vaccination against human papillomavirus
Neurología. 2010;25(1):58-69
http://www.elsevier.es/sites/default/files/elsevier/pdf/295/295v25n01a13148580pdf001_2.pdf

Bilateral Papilledema Following Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Case Report
J Med Cases • 2011;2(5):222-224

http://www.journalmc.org/index.php/JMC/article/viewFile/256/203

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Following Vaccination Against Human Papilloma Virus
American Academy of Neurology, Neurology 2009;72:2132–2133.

Wildemann et al. present a case of aggressive acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) following immunization with the polyvalent human papillomaviruses (HPV) vaccine. The time between vaccine exposure and onset of illness provides evidence for a cause-effect relationship.

The author goes on to note “…it is important to monitor the occurrence of immune-mediated diseases that are occurring after vaccination with Gardasil®”
http://www.neurology.org/content/74/10/864.2.full.html

 

Gentlemen – it is high time you acknowledge there is a problem with the HPV vaccines.  Medical consumers know it, and researchers and medical professionals are aware. Get your checks ready because we are coming to collect.

 

Sources:

1. Art Caplan http://www.med.upenn.edu/apps/faculty/index.php/g275/p11072

2. Bioethicist Offers $10,000 Reward For Proof of Bachmann Vaccine Claims http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2011/09/15/bioethicist-offers-10000-reward-for-proof-of-bachmann-vaccine-claims/

3.HHS Health Information Privacy
http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/

4. WISH TV Indianapolis, GOP debate puts questions over HPV vaccine back in the spotlight – 1 Hoosier mom blames daughter’s illness on vaccine

WWII Military Handbook Reveals Pesticide Chemicals Used In Infant Vaccines

Vaccine Truth

By | September 10th, 2011

A United States military handbook published in 1946 shows chemical compounds used in formulating the pesticide DDT are currently injected into babies.

The handbook entitled, “DDT and Other Insecticides and Repellents”, reveals Triton X-100, Tween 20, and Tween 80 were used as major components of spraying operations of DDT. Their stated purpose was to prevent separation of ingredients and increase absorption of DDT.

A major twist to the story is revealing the company owning the patent for DDT. More on that later.

 

Page 70 of the document states, “The studies of emulsifers have been confined primarily to their effects on the skin, since there is no hazard from ingestion and little from skin absorption and inhalation. They have also been studied to some extent from the standpoint of their relationship to increased absorption of DDT. All of those studied present little or no hazard under the conditions of use recommended, and have been approved for that purpose so far as the toxicology is concerned.” [emphasis mine]

Scientific studies on Triton X-100 and Tween 80 actually prove the statement above to be untrue, which would likely explain why studies were limited to only the effects on the skin.

Triton X-100 and Tween 80 actually cause cell suicide, called apoptosis.

Mixtures were sprayed directly onto vegetables and crops during the height of the polio epidemic in the late 1940s and early 1950s.

“What vaccines are these chemicals in?”

As a concerned parent, you may be wondering what vaccines contain these chemicals. The Centers for Disease Control website shows the chemicals mentioned above are in the following vaccines:

Tween 20 (Polysorbate 20)

  • Hepatitis A (Havrix)
  • Hepatitis A-B (Twinrix)

Tween 80 (Polysorbate 80)

  • DtaP (Infanrix, Tripedia)
  • DtaP-HebB-IPV (Pediarix)
  • DtaP-Hib (TriHIBit)
  • Human Papillomavirus (Gardasil)
  • Influenza (Fluarix)
  • Rotavirus (RotaTeq)
  • Tdap (Adacel, Boostrix)

Triton X-100

  • Influenza (Fluarix, Fluzone)

Read Full Article…

U.S. Govt. Knows Girls Won’t Get Third Toxic HPV Shot, So They Try PR-ing With Just Two

Truth Frequency News

Published on September 8, 2011 by
USA Today
By HealthDay

Two doses of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine may offer just as much protection against cervical cancer as the three-dose regimen now being used, new U.S. government research shows.

The findings stem from an analysis of data from the National Cancer Institute’s Costa Rica Vaccine Trial, in which 7,466 women were enrolled, according to a news release from the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, which published the results on Thursday.

The women were either given the HPV vaccine Cervarix or a Hepatitis A vaccine. Although researchers intended to give the women receiving Cervarix the full three doses, 20 percent of them got only one dose or two doses for a variety of reasons.

After four years, the researchers found, two doses of Cervarix offered the same level of protection against HPV infection as three. Even one dose offered a high level of protection.

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