• Home
  • Victims
    • Vaccine Victims Memorial
    • Gardasil & Silgard
      • G / S Australasia
        • G / S Australia
        • G / S New Zealand
      • G / S Europe
        • G / S Czech Republic
        • G / S Denmark
        • G / S France
        • G / S Germany
        • G / S Ireland
        • G / S Italy
        • G / S Norway
        • G / S Scotland
        • G / S Spain
        • G / S United Kingdom
      • G / S N. America
        • G / S Canada
        • G / S Mexico
        • G / S United States
      • G / S S. America
        • G / S Brazil
        • G/S Colombia
    • Cervarix
      • Cervarix Asia
        • Cervarix India
        • Cervarix Philippines
      • Cervarix Europe
        • Cervarix Czech
        • Cervarix Netherlands
        • Cervarix Scotland
        • Cervarix Slovakia
        • Cervarix Spain
        • Cervarix UK
      • Cervarix N. America
        • Cervarix Mexico
  • Resources
    • HPV Testing Resources
      • Pre-HPV Vaccination
      • Post-HPV Vaccination
    • Medical Professionals
    • Vaccine Injury Attorneys
    • Political Action Groups
    • Vaccine Groups
    • Vaccine Victims Hotline
  • SANE Vax Press Releases
  • Videos
    • Vaccine Safety Videos
    • Vaccine Victim Videos
    • Pharma Videos
  • About
    • About Us
    • Who We Are
    • Press Releases
    • SANE Vax in the News
    • Contact Us

SaneVax, Inc.

The First International HPV Vaccine Information Clearinghouse

  • NEWS
    • Government Agencies
      • African
      • Asian
      • Australasian
      • European
      • North American
      • South American
      • United Nations
      • WHO
    • Pharmaceutical Companies
      • CSL Biotherapies
      • GlaxoSmithKline
      • Inovio Pharmaceuticals
      • Liquidia Technologies
      • Merck & Co.
      • Novartis
      • Pfizer
      • Qiagen
      • Sanofi Aventis
      • Sanofi Pasteur MSD spmsd
      • Wyeth Laboratories
    • Science & Medicine
      • Cancer
      • Clinical Trials
      • Environmental Health
      • Heavy Metal Toxicity
      • HPV Science
      • Influenza
      • Meningitis
      • Pertussis
      • Pharmaceuticals
      • Rotavirus
      • STD’s
      • Vaccine Science
      • Women’s Health
    • Vaccine Adverse Events
    • Vaccine Injury Reporting
      • VAERS
      • VAMPSS
    • Vaccine Litigation
    • Vaccine Marketing
    • Vaccine Politics/People
    • Vaccine Victims
      • Cervarix Injuries
      • DTP/DTaP Injuries
      • Fluvax Injuries
      • Fluzone Injuries
      • Gardasil / Silgard Injuries
      • Menomune Injuries
      • MMR Injuries
      • Polio Vaccine Injuries
      • Synflorix Injuries
      • Yellow Fever Vaccine
    • Vaccines
      • Anthrax
      • Breast Cancer
      • Chicken Pox
      • Cholera
      • Combination Vaccines
      • Diphtheria
      • Hepatitis B
      • HPV
      • Influenza Vaccines
      • Malaria
      • Measles
      • Meningitis Vaccines
      • MRSA
      • Mumps
      • Norovirus
      • Pertussis Vaccines
      • Pneumococcal Disease
      • Polio
      • Rotavirus Vaccines
      • Shingles
      • Smallpox
      • TB
      • Tetanus
      • Typhoid
      • Yellow Fever Vaccine
    • Vaccines and the Media
  • WORLD NEWS
    • Africa
    • Asia
    • Australasia
    • Europe
    • North America
    • South America
  • RESEARCH
    • Cancer Research
    • Cervarix Vaccine
    • Gardasil/Silgard Vaccine
    • Human Pap. Research
    • Immunization Practices
    • Neurology
    • Vaccine Adjuvants
    • Vac. Ingredient Research
    • Vaccine Injuries
    • Vaccine Preservatives
    • Vaccine Related Research
    • Vaccine Safety
  • CITIZENS SPEAK
    • Cervical Cancer Debate
    • HPV Vax
      • Australian Concerns
      • Canadian Concerns
      • Irish Concerns
      • Spain Concerns
      • UK Concerns
      • United States Concerns
You are here: Home / RESEARCH . . . . / Vaccine Related Research / Age-Dependent Maturation of Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Cytokine Responses in Gambian Infants

Age-Dependent Maturation of Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Cytokine Responses in Gambian Infants

April 16, 2011 By Norma

Sarah Burl1,2*, John Townend3, Jainaba Njie-Jobe1, Momodou Cox1, Uche J. Adetifa1, Ebrima Touray1, Victoria J. Philbin4, Christy Mancuso4, Beate Kampmann1,2, Hilton Whittle1, Assan Jaye1, Katie L. Flanagan1#, Ofer Levy4#

ABSTRACT:

The global burden of neonatal and infant mortality due to infection is staggering, particularly in resource-poor settings. Early childhood vaccination is one of the major interventions that can reduce this burden, but there are specific limitations to inducing effective immunity in early life, including impaired neonatal leukocyte production of Th1-polarizing cytokines to many stimuli. Characterizing the ontogeny of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated innate immune responses in infants may shed light on susceptibility to infection in this vulnerable age group, and provide insights into TLR agonists as candidate adjuvants for improved neonatal vaccines. As little is known about the leukocyte responses of infants in resource-poor settings, we characterized production of Th1-, Th2-, and anti-inflammatory- cytokines in response to agonists of TLRs 1-9 in whole blood from 120 Gambian infants ranging from newborns (cord blood) to 12 months of age. Most of the TLR agonists induced TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 in cord blood. The greatest TNFα responses were observed for TLR4, -5, and -8 agonists, the highest being the thiazoloquinoline CLO75 (TLR7/8) that also uniquely induced cord blood IFNγ production. For most agonists, TLR-mediated TNFα and IFNγ responses increased from birth to 1 month of age. TLR8 agonists also induced the greatest production of the Th1-polarizing cytokines TNFα and IFNγ throughout the first year of life, although the relative responses to the single TLR8 agonist and the combined TLR7/8 agonist changed with age. In contrast, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 responses to most agonists were robust at birth and remained stable through 12 months of age. These observations provide fresh insights into the ontogeny of innate immunity in African children, and may inform development of age-specific adjuvanted vaccine formulations important for global health.

RESULTS:

Reactivity to TLR4, 5 and 8 agonists predominate at birth

The positive control PMA/ionomycin induced cytokine responses that were largely independent of age (TNFα p = 0.603, IL-6 p = 0.758, IL-1β p = 0.257, IFNγ p = 0.167). The lone exception was IL-10, whose production diminished with increasing age (p = 0.005; data not shown).

Compared to the unstimulated control, there was a significant induction of TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-10 production in cord blood to all the TLR agonists studied with the exception of FSL-1 (TLR2/6) that did not induce a significant TNFα response (Table 1).

Funding: This work was supported by the Medical Research Council (MRC, UK, www.mrc.ac.uk), The Gambia and by National Institutes of Health (NIH) RO1 AI067353-01A1 and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Grand Challenge Explorations and Global Health awards (to OL). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Competing interests: The laboratory of OL receives sponsored research support from VentiRx Pharmaceuticals, which manufactures certain TLR8 agonists although distinct from those studied in this manuscript. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. There are no other known competing interests.

 Access entire article here.

Related

Filed Under: Vaccine Related Research Tagged With: adjuvant induced, infants, mediated cytokine responses

Follow Us

SaneVax on FacebookSaneVax on TwitterSaneVax on LinkedInSaneVax on YoutubeSaneVax RSS Feed

Help Support SaneVax

Notice: We need your support. This massive research & presentation comes from a team of volunteers. We need your help to keep this critical information available.



SaneVax relies on support from participants like you. We are a 501 (c)(3) non-profit corporation, donations are tax deductible. Help keep this venue available and support the spirit – Thank you!

This Week’s Survivor

Pebbles from a Lonely Beach

Categories

Links

  • Creating an HPV Industry
  • File a VAERS Report
  • Gardasil and Unexplained Deaths
  • HPV Industry Timeline
  • HPV Mechanisms of Action in Women
  • HPV Vaccine Fact Sheet
  • Petition: Rescind HPV Vaccine Approval
  • Presentation to the FDA
  • Supreme Court Arguments

HPV Vaccine VAERS Reports

Description 12/14/2019  TOTAL
Disabled 3,092
Deaths 523
Did Not Recover 13,072
Abnormal Smear 695
Cervical Cancer 186
Infertility 52
Life-threatening 1,001
Emergency Room 15,419
Hospitalized 6,448
Extended Hosp. Stay 304
Serious 9,497
Total Adverse Events 64,270

Access expanded report here.

Related

Subscribe2


 

Log In

Featured Video

cancer and viruses found in vaccines

Dr. Confesses Cancer and other Viruses Found in Vaccines

News

SaneVax News Blog!
News

Videos

Safety • Victims • Pharma
No Genetic Epidemic

Contact

Contact S.A.N.E.Vax
S.A.N.E.VAX log thumbnail

Copyright © 2025 SaneVax, Inc. · Site by TheWebElves.com a div. of KalaRhythms.org · Log in